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---
layout: global
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title: MLlib
displayTitle: Machine Learning Library (MLlib) Guide
description: MLlib machine learning library overview for Spark SPARK_VERSION_SHORT
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---
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MLlib is Spark's scalable machine learning library consisting of common learning algorithms and utilities,
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including classification, regression, clustering, collaborative
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filtering, dimensionality reduction, as well as underlying optimization primitives, as outlined below:
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* [Data types ](mllib-data-types.html )
* [Basic statistics ](mllib-statistics.html )
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* summary statistics
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* correlations
* stratified sampling
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* hypothesis testing
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* random data generation
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* [Classification and regression ](mllib-classification-regression.html )
* [linear models (SVMs, logistic regression, linear regression) ](mllib-linear-methods.html )
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* [naive Bayes ](mllib-naive-bayes.html )
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* [decision trees ](mllib-decision-tree.html )
* [ensembles of trees ](mllib-ensembles.html ) (Random Forests and Gradient-Boosted Trees)
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* [isotonic regression ](mllib-isotonic-regression.html )
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* [Collaborative filtering ](mllib-collaborative-filtering.html )
* alternating least squares (ALS)
* [Clustering ](mllib-clustering.html )
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* [k-means ](mllib-clustering.html#k-means )
* [Gaussian mixture ](mllib-clustering.html#gaussian-mixture )
* [power iteration clustering (PIC) ](mllib-clustering.html#power-iteration-clustering-pic )
* [latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) ](mllib-clustering.html#latent-dirichlet-allocation-lda )
* [streaming k-means ](mllib-clustering.html#streaming-k-means )
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* [Dimensionality reduction ](mllib-dimensionality-reduction.html )
* singular value decomposition (SVD)
* principal component analysis (PCA)
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* [Feature extraction and transformation ](mllib-feature-extraction.html )
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* [Frequent pattern mining ](mllib-frequent-pattern-mining.html )
* FP-growth
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* [Optimization (developer) ](mllib-optimization.html )
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* stochastic gradient descent
* limited-memory BFGS (L-BFGS)
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MLlib is under active development.
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The APIs marked `Experimental` /`DeveloperApi` may change in future releases,
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and the migration guide below will explain all changes between releases.
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# spark.ml: high-level APIs for ML pipelines
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Spark 1.2 includes a new package called `spark.ml` , which aims to provide a uniform set of
high-level APIs that help users create and tune practical machine learning pipelines.
It is currently an alpha component, and we would like to hear back from the community about
how it fits real-world use cases and how it could be improved.
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Note that we will keep supporting and adding features to `spark.mllib` along with the
development of `spark.ml` .
Users should be comfortable using `spark.mllib` features and expect more features coming.
Developers should contribute new algorithms to `spark.mllib` and can optionally contribute
to `spark.ml` .
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See the ** [spark.ml programming guide ](ml-guide.html )** for more information on this package.
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[SPARK-1566] consolidate programming guide, and general doc updates
This is a fairly large PR to clean up and update the docs for 1.0. The major changes are:
* A unified programming guide for all languages replaces language-specific ones and shows language-specific info in tabs
* New programming guide sections on key-value pairs, unit testing, input formats beyond text, migrating from 0.9, and passing functions to Spark
* Spark-submit guide moved to a separate page and expanded slightly
* Various cleanups of the menu system, security docs, and others
* Updated look of title bar to differentiate the docs from previous Spark versions
You can find the updated docs at http://people.apache.org/~matei/1.0-docs/_site/ and in particular http://people.apache.org/~matei/1.0-docs/_site/programming-guide.html.
Author: Matei Zaharia <matei@databricks.com>
Closes #896 from mateiz/1.0-docs and squashes the following commits:
03e6853 [Matei Zaharia] Some tweaks to configuration and YARN docs
0779508 [Matei Zaharia] tweak
ef671d4 [Matei Zaharia] Keep frames in JavaDoc links, and other small tweaks
1bf4112 [Matei Zaharia] Review comments
4414f88 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
d04e979 [Matei Zaharia] Fix some old links to Java guide
a34ed33 [Matei Zaharia] tweak
541bb3b [Matei Zaharia] miscellaneous changes
fcefdec [Matei Zaharia] Moved submitting apps to separate doc
61d72b4 [Matei Zaharia] stuff
181f217 [Matei Zaharia] migration guide, remove old language guides
e11a0da [Matei Zaharia] Add more API functions
6a030a9 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
8db0ae3 [Matei Zaharia] Added key-value pairs section
318d2c9 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
1c81477 [Matei Zaharia] New section on basics and function syntax
e38f559 [Matei Zaharia] Actually added programming guide to Git
a33d6fe [Matei Zaharia] First pass at updating programming guide to support all languages, plus other tweaks throughout
3b6a876 [Matei Zaharia] More CSS tweaks
01ec8bf [Matei Zaharia] More CSS tweaks
e6d252e [Matei Zaharia] Change color of doc title bar to differentiate from 0.9.0
2014-05-30 03:34:33 -04:00
# Dependencies
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MLlib uses the linear algebra package
[Breeze ](http://www.scalanlp.org/ ), which depends on
[netlib-java ](https://github.com/fommil/netlib-java ) for optimised
numerical processing. If natives are not available at runtime, you
will see a warning message and a pure JVM implementation will be used
instead.
To learn more about the benefits and background of system optimised
natives, you may wish to watch Sam Halliday's ScalaX talk on
[High Performance Linear Algebra in Scala ](http://fommil.github.io/scalax14/#/ )).
Due to licensing issues with runtime proprietary binaries, we do not
include `netlib-java` 's native proxies by default. To configure
`netlib-java` / Breeze to use system optimised binaries, include
`com.github.fommil.netlib:all:1.1.2` (or build Spark with
`-Pnetlib-lgpl` ) as a dependency of your project and read the
[netlib-java ](https://github.com/fommil/netlib-java ) documentation for
your platform's additional installation instructions.
MLlib also uses [jblas ](https://github.com/mikiobraun/jblas ) which
will require you to install the
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[gfortran runtime library ](https://github.com/mikiobraun/jblas/wiki/Missing-Libraries )
if it is not already present on your nodes.
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To use MLlib in Python, you will need [NumPy ](http://www.numpy.org )
version 1.4 or newer.
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---
[SPARK-1566] consolidate programming guide, and general doc updates
This is a fairly large PR to clean up and update the docs for 1.0. The major changes are:
* A unified programming guide for all languages replaces language-specific ones and shows language-specific info in tabs
* New programming guide sections on key-value pairs, unit testing, input formats beyond text, migrating from 0.9, and passing functions to Spark
* Spark-submit guide moved to a separate page and expanded slightly
* Various cleanups of the menu system, security docs, and others
* Updated look of title bar to differentiate the docs from previous Spark versions
You can find the updated docs at http://people.apache.org/~matei/1.0-docs/_site/ and in particular http://people.apache.org/~matei/1.0-docs/_site/programming-guide.html.
Author: Matei Zaharia <matei@databricks.com>
Closes #896 from mateiz/1.0-docs and squashes the following commits:
03e6853 [Matei Zaharia] Some tweaks to configuration and YARN docs
0779508 [Matei Zaharia] tweak
ef671d4 [Matei Zaharia] Keep frames in JavaDoc links, and other small tweaks
1bf4112 [Matei Zaharia] Review comments
4414f88 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
d04e979 [Matei Zaharia] Fix some old links to Java guide
a34ed33 [Matei Zaharia] tweak
541bb3b [Matei Zaharia] miscellaneous changes
fcefdec [Matei Zaharia] Moved submitting apps to separate doc
61d72b4 [Matei Zaharia] stuff
181f217 [Matei Zaharia] migration guide, remove old language guides
e11a0da [Matei Zaharia] Add more API functions
6a030a9 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
8db0ae3 [Matei Zaharia] Added key-value pairs section
318d2c9 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
1c81477 [Matei Zaharia] New section on basics and function syntax
e38f559 [Matei Zaharia] Actually added programming guide to Git
a33d6fe [Matei Zaharia] First pass at updating programming guide to support all languages, plus other tweaks throughout
3b6a876 [Matei Zaharia] More CSS tweaks
01ec8bf [Matei Zaharia] More CSS tweaks
e6d252e [Matei Zaharia] Change color of doc title bar to differentiate from 0.9.0
2014-05-30 03:34:33 -04:00
# Migration Guide
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## From 1.1 to 1.2
The only API changes in MLlib v1.2 are in
[`DecisionTree` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.DecisionTree ),
which continues to be an experimental API in MLlib 1.2:
1. *(Breaking change)* The Scala API for classification takes a named argument specifying the number
of classes. In MLlib v1.1, this argument was called `numClasses` in Python and
`numClassesForClassification` in Scala. In MLlib v1.2, the names are both set to `numClasses` .
This `numClasses` parameter is specified either via
[`Strategy` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.configuration.Strategy )
or via [`DecisionTree` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.DecisionTree )
static `trainClassifier` and `trainRegressor` methods.
2. *(Breaking change)* The API for
[`Node` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.model.Node ) has changed.
This should generally not affect user code, unless the user manually constructs decision trees
(instead of using the `trainClassifier` or `trainRegressor` methods).
The tree `Node` now includes more information, including the probability of the predicted label
(for classification).
3. Printing methods' output has changed. The `toString` (Scala/Java) and `__repr__` (Python) methods used to print the full model; they now print a summary. For the full model, use `toDebugString` .
Examples in the Spark distribution and examples in the
[Decision Trees Guide ](mllib-decision-tree.html#examples ) have been updated accordingly.
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## From 1.0 to 1.1
The only API changes in MLlib v1.1 are in
[`DecisionTree` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.DecisionTree ),
which continues to be an experimental API in MLlib 1.1:
1. *(Breaking change)* The meaning of tree depth has been changed by 1 in order to match
the implementations of trees in
[scikit-learn ](http://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/classes.html#module-sklearn.tree )
and in [rpart ](http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rpart/index.html ).
In MLlib v1.0, a depth-1 tree had 1 leaf node, and a depth-2 tree had 1 root node and 2 leaf nodes.
In MLlib v1.1, a depth-0 tree has 1 leaf node, and a depth-1 tree has 1 root node and 2 leaf nodes.
This depth is specified by the `maxDepth` parameter in
[`Strategy` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.configuration.Strategy )
or via [`DecisionTree` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.DecisionTree )
static `trainClassifier` and `trainRegressor` methods.
2. *(Non-breaking change)* We recommend using the newly added `trainClassifier` and `trainRegressor`
methods to build a [`DecisionTree` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.tree.DecisionTree ),
rather than using the old parameter class `Strategy` . These new training methods explicitly
separate classification and regression, and they replace specialized parameter types with
simple `String` types.
Examples of the new, recommended `trainClassifier` and `trainRegressor` are given in the
[Decision Trees Guide ](mllib-decision-tree.html#examples ).
[SPARK-1566] consolidate programming guide, and general doc updates
This is a fairly large PR to clean up and update the docs for 1.0. The major changes are:
* A unified programming guide for all languages replaces language-specific ones and shows language-specific info in tabs
* New programming guide sections on key-value pairs, unit testing, input formats beyond text, migrating from 0.9, and passing functions to Spark
* Spark-submit guide moved to a separate page and expanded slightly
* Various cleanups of the menu system, security docs, and others
* Updated look of title bar to differentiate the docs from previous Spark versions
You can find the updated docs at http://people.apache.org/~matei/1.0-docs/_site/ and in particular http://people.apache.org/~matei/1.0-docs/_site/programming-guide.html.
Author: Matei Zaharia <matei@databricks.com>
Closes #896 from mateiz/1.0-docs and squashes the following commits:
03e6853 [Matei Zaharia] Some tweaks to configuration and YARN docs
0779508 [Matei Zaharia] tweak
ef671d4 [Matei Zaharia] Keep frames in JavaDoc links, and other small tweaks
1bf4112 [Matei Zaharia] Review comments
4414f88 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
d04e979 [Matei Zaharia] Fix some old links to Java guide
a34ed33 [Matei Zaharia] tweak
541bb3b [Matei Zaharia] miscellaneous changes
fcefdec [Matei Zaharia] Moved submitting apps to separate doc
61d72b4 [Matei Zaharia] stuff
181f217 [Matei Zaharia] migration guide, remove old language guides
e11a0da [Matei Zaharia] Add more API functions
6a030a9 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
8db0ae3 [Matei Zaharia] Added key-value pairs section
318d2c9 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
1c81477 [Matei Zaharia] New section on basics and function syntax
e38f559 [Matei Zaharia] Actually added programming guide to Git
a33d6fe [Matei Zaharia] First pass at updating programming guide to support all languages, plus other tweaks throughout
3b6a876 [Matei Zaharia] More CSS tweaks
01ec8bf [Matei Zaharia] More CSS tweaks
e6d252e [Matei Zaharia] Change color of doc title bar to differentiate from 0.9.0
2014-05-30 03:34:33 -04:00
## From 0.9 to 1.0
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In MLlib v1.0, we support both dense and sparse input in a unified way, which introduces a few
breaking changes. If your data is sparse, please store it in a sparse format instead of dense to
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take advantage of sparsity in both storage and computation. Details are described below.
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< div class = "codetabs" >
< div data-lang = "scala" markdown = "1" >
We used to represent a feature vector by `Array[Double]` , which is replaced by
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[`Vector` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.linalg.Vector ) in v1.0. Algorithms that used
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to accept `RDD[Array[Double]]` now take
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`RDD[Vector]` . [`LabeledPoint` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.regression.LabeledPoint )
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is now a wrapper of `(Double, Vector)` instead of `(Double, Array[Double])` . Converting
`Array[Double]` to `Vector` is straightforward:
{% highlight scala %}
import org.apache.spark.mllib.linalg.{Vector, Vectors}
val array: Array[Double] = ... // a double array
val vector: Vector = Vectors.dense(array) // a dense vector
{% endhighlight %}
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[`Vectors` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.linalg.Vectors$ ) provides factory methods to create sparse vectors.
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*Note*: Scala imports `scala.collection.immutable.Vector` by default, so you have to import `org.apache.spark.mllib.linalg.Vector` explicitly to use MLlib's `Vector` .
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< / div >
< div data-lang = "java" markdown = "1" >
We used to represent a feature vector by `double[]` , which is replaced by
[SPARK-1566] consolidate programming guide, and general doc updates
This is a fairly large PR to clean up and update the docs for 1.0. The major changes are:
* A unified programming guide for all languages replaces language-specific ones and shows language-specific info in tabs
* New programming guide sections on key-value pairs, unit testing, input formats beyond text, migrating from 0.9, and passing functions to Spark
* Spark-submit guide moved to a separate page and expanded slightly
* Various cleanups of the menu system, security docs, and others
* Updated look of title bar to differentiate the docs from previous Spark versions
You can find the updated docs at http://people.apache.org/~matei/1.0-docs/_site/ and in particular http://people.apache.org/~matei/1.0-docs/_site/programming-guide.html.
Author: Matei Zaharia <matei@databricks.com>
Closes #896 from mateiz/1.0-docs and squashes the following commits:
03e6853 [Matei Zaharia] Some tweaks to configuration and YARN docs
0779508 [Matei Zaharia] tweak
ef671d4 [Matei Zaharia] Keep frames in JavaDoc links, and other small tweaks
1bf4112 [Matei Zaharia] Review comments
4414f88 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
d04e979 [Matei Zaharia] Fix some old links to Java guide
a34ed33 [Matei Zaharia] tweak
541bb3b [Matei Zaharia] miscellaneous changes
fcefdec [Matei Zaharia] Moved submitting apps to separate doc
61d72b4 [Matei Zaharia] stuff
181f217 [Matei Zaharia] migration guide, remove old language guides
e11a0da [Matei Zaharia] Add more API functions
6a030a9 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
8db0ae3 [Matei Zaharia] Added key-value pairs section
318d2c9 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
1c81477 [Matei Zaharia] New section on basics and function syntax
e38f559 [Matei Zaharia] Actually added programming guide to Git
a33d6fe [Matei Zaharia] First pass at updating programming guide to support all languages, plus other tweaks throughout
3b6a876 [Matei Zaharia] More CSS tweaks
01ec8bf [Matei Zaharia] More CSS tweaks
e6d252e [Matei Zaharia] Change color of doc title bar to differentiate from 0.9.0
2014-05-30 03:34:33 -04:00
[`Vector` ](api/java/index.html?org/apache/spark/mllib/linalg/Vector.html ) in v1.0. Algorithms that used
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to accept `RDD<double[]>` now take
[SPARK-1566] consolidate programming guide, and general doc updates
This is a fairly large PR to clean up and update the docs for 1.0. The major changes are:
* A unified programming guide for all languages replaces language-specific ones and shows language-specific info in tabs
* New programming guide sections on key-value pairs, unit testing, input formats beyond text, migrating from 0.9, and passing functions to Spark
* Spark-submit guide moved to a separate page and expanded slightly
* Various cleanups of the menu system, security docs, and others
* Updated look of title bar to differentiate the docs from previous Spark versions
You can find the updated docs at http://people.apache.org/~matei/1.0-docs/_site/ and in particular http://people.apache.org/~matei/1.0-docs/_site/programming-guide.html.
Author: Matei Zaharia <matei@databricks.com>
Closes #896 from mateiz/1.0-docs and squashes the following commits:
03e6853 [Matei Zaharia] Some tweaks to configuration and YARN docs
0779508 [Matei Zaharia] tweak
ef671d4 [Matei Zaharia] Keep frames in JavaDoc links, and other small tweaks
1bf4112 [Matei Zaharia] Review comments
4414f88 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
d04e979 [Matei Zaharia] Fix some old links to Java guide
a34ed33 [Matei Zaharia] tweak
541bb3b [Matei Zaharia] miscellaneous changes
fcefdec [Matei Zaharia] Moved submitting apps to separate doc
61d72b4 [Matei Zaharia] stuff
181f217 [Matei Zaharia] migration guide, remove old language guides
e11a0da [Matei Zaharia] Add more API functions
6a030a9 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
8db0ae3 [Matei Zaharia] Added key-value pairs section
318d2c9 [Matei Zaharia] tweaks
1c81477 [Matei Zaharia] New section on basics and function syntax
e38f559 [Matei Zaharia] Actually added programming guide to Git
a33d6fe [Matei Zaharia] First pass at updating programming guide to support all languages, plus other tweaks throughout
3b6a876 [Matei Zaharia] More CSS tweaks
01ec8bf [Matei Zaharia] More CSS tweaks
e6d252e [Matei Zaharia] Change color of doc title bar to differentiate from 0.9.0
2014-05-30 03:34:33 -04:00
`RDD<Vector>` . [`LabeledPoint` ](api/java/index.html?org/apache/spark/mllib/regression/LabeledPoint.html )
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is now a wrapper of `(double, Vector)` instead of `(double, double[])` . Converting `double[]` to
`Vector` is straightforward:
{% highlight java %}
import org.apache.spark.mllib.linalg.Vector;
import org.apache.spark.mllib.linalg.Vectors;
double[] array = ... // a double array
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Vector vector = Vectors.dense(array); // a dense vector
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{% endhighlight %}
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[`Vectors` ](api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.linalg.Vectors$ ) provides factory methods to
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create sparse vectors.
< / div >
< div data-lang = "python" markdown = "1" >
We used to represent a labeled feature vector in a NumPy array, where the first entry corresponds to
the label and the rest are features. This representation is replaced by class
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[`LabeledPoint` ](api/python/pyspark.mllib.regression.LabeledPoint-class.html ), which takes both
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dense and sparse feature vectors.
{% highlight python %}
from pyspark.mllib.linalg import SparseVector
from pyspark.mllib.regression import LabeledPoint
# Create a labeled point with a positive label and a dense feature vector.
pos = LabeledPoint(1.0, [1.0, 0.0, 3.0])
# Create a labeled point with a negative label and a sparse feature vector.
neg = LabeledPoint(0.0, SparseVector(3, [0, 2], [1.0, 3.0]))
{% endhighlight %}
< / div >
< / div >