spark-instrumented-optimizer/docs/running-on-kubernetes.md

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title: Running Spark on Kubernetes
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Spark can run on clusters managed by [Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io). This feature makes use of native
Kubernetes scheduler that has been added to Spark.

# Security

Security in Spark is OFF by default. This could mean you are vulnerable to attack by default.
Please see [Spark Security](security.html) and the specific advice below before running Spark.

## User Identity

Images built from the project provided Dockerfiles contain a default [`USER`](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#user) directive with a default UID of `185`.  This means that the resulting images will be running the Spark processes as this UID inside the container. Security conscious deployments should consider providing custom images with `USER` directives specifying their desired unprivileged UID and GID.  The resulting UID should include the root group in its supplementary groups in order to be able to run the Spark executables.  Users building their own images with the provided `docker-image-tool.sh` script can use the `-u <uid>` option to specify the desired UID.

Alternatively the [Pod Template](#pod-template) feature can be used to add a [Security Context](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/security-context/#volumes-and-file-systems) with a `runAsUser` to the pods that Spark submits.  This can be used to override the `USER` directives in the images themselves.  Please bear in mind that this requires cooperation from your users and as such may not be a suitable solution for shared environments.  Cluster administrators should use [Pod Security Policies](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/#users-and-groups) if they wish to limit the users that pods may run as.

## Volume Mounts

As described later in this document under [Using Kubernetes Volumes](#using-kubernetes-volumes) Spark on K8S provides configuration options that allow for mounting certain volume types into the driver and executor pods.  In particular it allows for [`hostPath`](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#hostpath) volumes which as described in the Kubernetes documentation have known security vulnerabilities.

Cluster administrators should use [Pod Security Policies](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/pod-security-policy/) to limit the ability to mount `hostPath` volumes appropriately for their environments.

# Prerequisites

* A runnable distribution of Spark 2.3 or above.
* A running Kubernetes cluster at version >= 1.6 with access configured to it using
[kubectl](https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/prereqs/).  If you do not already have a working Kubernetes cluster,
you may set up a test cluster on your local machine using
[minikube](https://kubernetes.io/docs/getting-started-guides/minikube/).
  * We recommend using the latest release of minikube with the DNS addon enabled.
  * Be aware that the default minikube configuration is not enough for running Spark applications.
  We recommend 3 CPUs and 4g of memory to be able to start a simple Spark application with a single
  executor.
* You must have appropriate permissions to list, create, edit and delete
[pods](https://kubernetes.io/docs/user-guide/pods/) in your cluster. You can verify that you can list these resources
by running `kubectl auth can-i <list|create|edit|delete> pods`.
  * The service account credentials used by the driver pods must be allowed to create pods, services and configmaps.
* You must have [Kubernetes DNS](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service/) configured in your cluster.

# How it works

<p style="text-align: center;">
  <img src="img/k8s-cluster-mode.png" title="Spark cluster components" alt="Spark cluster components" />
</p>

<code>spark-submit</code> can be directly used to submit a Spark application to a Kubernetes cluster.
The submission mechanism works as follows:

* Spark creates a Spark driver running within a [Kubernetes pod](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod/).
* The driver creates executors which are also running within Kubernetes pods and connects to them, and executes application code.
* When the application completes, the executor pods terminate and are cleaned up, but the driver pod persists
logs and remains in "completed" state in the Kubernetes API until it's eventually garbage collected or manually cleaned up.

Note that in the completed state, the driver pod does *not* use any computational or memory resources.

The driver and executor pod scheduling is handled by Kubernetes. Communication to the Kubernetes API is done via fabric8. It is possible to schedule the
driver and executor pods on a subset of available nodes through a [node selector](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/assign-pod-node/#nodeselector)
using the configuration property for it. It will be possible to use more advanced
scheduling hints like [node/pod affinities](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/assign-pod-node/#affinity-and-anti-affinity) in a future release.

# Submitting Applications to Kubernetes

## Docker Images

Kubernetes requires users to supply images that can be deployed into containers within pods. The images are built to
be run in a container runtime environment that Kubernetes supports. Docker is a container runtime environment that is
frequently used with Kubernetes. Spark (starting with version 2.3) ships with a Dockerfile that can be used for this
purpose, or customized to match an individual application's needs. It can be found in the `kubernetes/dockerfiles/`
directory.

Spark also ships with a `bin/docker-image-tool.sh` script that can be used to build and publish the Docker images to
use with the Kubernetes backend.

Example usage is:

```bash
$ ./bin/docker-image-tool.sh -r <repo> -t my-tag build
$ ./bin/docker-image-tool.sh -r <repo> -t my-tag push
```
This will build using the projects provided default `Dockerfiles`. To see more options available for customising the behaviour of this tool, including providing custom `Dockerfiles`, please run with the `-h` flag.

By default `bin/docker-image-tool.sh` builds docker image for running JVM jobs. You need to opt-in to build additional
language binding docker images.

Example usage is
```bash
# To build additional PySpark docker image
$ ./bin/docker-image-tool.sh -r <repo> -t my-tag -p ./kubernetes/dockerfiles/spark/bindings/python/Dockerfile build

# To build additional SparkR docker image
$ ./bin/docker-image-tool.sh -r <repo> -t my-tag -R ./kubernetes/dockerfiles/spark/bindings/R/Dockerfile build
```

## Cluster Mode

To launch Spark Pi in cluster mode,

```bash
$ ./bin/spark-submit \
    --master k8s://https://<k8s-apiserver-host>:<k8s-apiserver-port> \
    --deploy-mode cluster \
    --name spark-pi \
    --class org.apache.spark.examples.SparkPi \
    --conf spark.executor.instances=5 \
    --conf spark.kubernetes.container.image=<spark-image> \
    local:///path/to/examples.jar
```

The Spark master, specified either via passing the `--master` command line argument to `spark-submit` or by setting
`spark.master` in the application's configuration, must be a URL with the format `k8s://<api_server_host>:<k8s-apiserver-port>`. The port must always be specified, even if it's the HTTPS port 443. Prefixing the
master string with `k8s://` will cause the Spark application to launch on the Kubernetes cluster, with the API server
being contacted at `api_server_url`. If no HTTP protocol is specified in the URL, it defaults to `https`. For example,
setting the master to `k8s://example.com:443` is equivalent to setting it to `k8s://https://example.com:443`, but to
connect without TLS on a different port, the master would be set to `k8s://http://example.com:8080`.

In Kubernetes mode, the Spark application name that is specified by `spark.app.name` or the `--name` argument to
`spark-submit` is used by default to name the Kubernetes resources created like drivers and executors. So, application names
must consist of lower case alphanumeric characters, `-`, and `.`  and must start and end with an alphanumeric character.

If you have a Kubernetes cluster setup, one way to discover the apiserver URL is by executing `kubectl cluster-info`.

```bash
$ kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes master is running at http://127.0.0.1:6443
```

In the above example, the specific Kubernetes cluster can be used with <code>spark-submit</code> by specifying
`--master k8s://http://127.0.0.1:6443` as an argument to spark-submit. Additionally, it is also possible to use the
authenticating proxy, `kubectl proxy` to communicate to the Kubernetes API.

The local proxy can be started by:

```bash
$ kubectl proxy
```

If the local proxy is running at localhost:8001, `--master k8s://http://127.0.0.1:8001` can be used as the argument to
spark-submit. Finally, notice that in the above example we specify a jar with a specific URI with a scheme of `local://`.
This URI is the location of the example jar that is already in the Docker image.

## Client Mode

Starting with Spark 2.4.0, it is possible to run Spark applications on Kubernetes in client mode. When your application
runs in client mode, the driver can run inside a pod or on a physical host. When running an application in client mode,
it is recommended to account for the following factors:

### Client Mode Networking

Spark executors must be able to connect to the Spark driver over a hostname and a port that is routable from the Spark
executors. The specific network configuration that will be required for Spark to work in client mode will vary per
setup. If you run your driver inside a Kubernetes pod, you can use a
[headless service](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#headless-services) to allow your
driver pod to be routable from the executors by a stable hostname. When deploying your headless service, ensure that
the service's label selector will only match the driver pod and no other pods; it is recommended to assign your driver
pod a sufficiently unique label and to use that label in the label selector of the headless service. Specify the driver's
hostname via `spark.driver.host` and your spark driver's port to `spark.driver.port`.

### Client Mode Executor Pod Garbage Collection

If you run your Spark driver in a pod, it is highly recommended to set `spark.kubernetes.driver.pod.name` to the name of that pod.
When this property is set, the Spark scheduler will deploy the executor pods with an
[OwnerReference](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/garbage-collection/), which in turn will
ensure that once the driver pod is deleted from the cluster, all of the application's executor pods will also be deleted.
The driver will look for a pod with the given name in the namespace specified by `spark.kubernetes.namespace`, and
an OwnerReference pointing to that pod will be added to each executor pod's OwnerReferences list. Be careful to avoid
setting the OwnerReference to a pod that is not actually that driver pod, or else the executors may be terminated
prematurely when the wrong pod is deleted.

If your application is not running inside a pod, or if `spark.kubernetes.driver.pod.name` is not set when your application is
actually running in a pod, keep in mind that the executor pods may not be properly deleted from the cluster when the
application exits. The Spark scheduler attempts to delete these pods, but if the network request to the API server fails
for any reason, these pods will remain in the cluster. The executor processes should exit when they cannot reach the
driver, so the executor pods should not consume compute resources (cpu and memory) in the cluster after your application
exits.

### Authentication Parameters

Use the exact prefix `spark.kubernetes.authenticate` for Kubernetes authentication parameters in client mode.

## Dependency Management

If your application's dependencies are all hosted in remote locations like HDFS or HTTP servers, they may be referred to
by their appropriate remote URIs. Also, application dependencies can be pre-mounted into custom-built Docker images.
Those dependencies can be added to the classpath by referencing them with `local://` URIs and/or setting the
`SPARK_EXTRA_CLASSPATH` environment variable in your Dockerfiles. The `local://` scheme is also required when referring to
dependencies in custom-built Docker images in `spark-submit`. We support dependencies from the submission
client's local file system using the `file://` scheme or without a scheme (using a full path), where the destination should be a Hadoop compatible filesystem.
A typical example of this using S3 is via passing the following options:

```
...
--packages com.amazonaws:aws-java-sdk:1.7.4,org.apache.hadoop:hadoop-aws:2.7.6
--conf spark.kubernetes.file.upload.path=s3a://<s3-bucket>/path
--conf spark.hadoop.fs.s3a.access.key=...
--conf spark.hadoop.fs.s3a.impl=org.apache.hadoop.fs.s3a.S3AFileSystem
--conf spark.hadoop.fs.s3a.fast.upload=true
--conf spark.hadoop.fs.s3a.secret.key=....
--conf spark.driver.extraJavaOptions=-Divy.cache.dir=/tmp -Divy.home=/tmp
file:///full/path/to/app.jar
```
The app jar file will be uploaded to the S3 and then when the driver is launched it will be downloaded
to the driver pod and will be added to its classpath. Spark will generate a subdir under the upload path with a random name
to avoid conflicts with spark apps running in parallel. User could manage the subdirs created according to his needs.

The client scheme is supported for the application jar, and dependencies specified by properties `spark.jars`, `spark.files` and `spark.archives`.

Important: all client-side dependencies will be uploaded to the given path with a flat directory structure so
file names must be unique otherwise files will be overwritten. Also make sure in the derived k8s image default ivy dir
has the required access rights or modify the settings as above. The latter is also important if you use `--packages` in
cluster mode.

## Secret Management
Kubernetes [Secrets](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/) can be used to provide credentials for a
Spark application to access secured services. To mount a user-specified secret into the driver container, users can use
the configuration property of the form `spark.kubernetes.driver.secrets.[SecretName]=<mount path>`. Similarly, the
configuration property of the form `spark.kubernetes.executor.secrets.[SecretName]=<mount path>` can be used to mount a
user-specified secret into the executor containers. Note that it is assumed that the secret to be mounted is in the same
namespace as that of the driver and executor pods. For example, to mount a secret named `spark-secret` onto the path
`/etc/secrets` in both the driver and executor containers, add the following options to the `spark-submit` command:

```
--conf spark.kubernetes.driver.secrets.spark-secret=/etc/secrets
--conf spark.kubernetes.executor.secrets.spark-secret=/etc/secrets
```

To use a secret through an environment variable use the following options to the `spark-submit` command:
```
--conf spark.kubernetes.driver.secretKeyRef.ENV_NAME=name:key
--conf spark.kubernetes.executor.secretKeyRef.ENV_NAME=name:key
```

## Pod Template
Kubernetes allows defining pods from [template files](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod-overview/#pod-templates).
Spark users can similarly use template files to define the driver or executor pod configurations that Spark configurations do not support.
To do so, specify the spark properties `spark.kubernetes.driver.podTemplateFile` and `spark.kubernetes.executor.podTemplateFile`
to point to local files accessible to the `spark-submit` process. To allow the driver pod access the executor pod template
file, the file will be automatically mounted onto a volume in the driver pod when it's created.
Spark does not do any validation after unmarshalling these template files and relies on the Kubernetes API server for validation.

It is important to note that Spark is opinionated about certain pod configurations so there are values in the
pod template that will always be overwritten by Spark. Therefore, users of this feature should note that specifying
the pod template file only lets Spark start with a template pod instead of an empty pod during the pod-building process.
For details, see the [full list](#pod-template-properties) of pod template values that will be overwritten by spark.

Pod template files can also define multiple containers. In such cases, you can use the spark properties
`spark.kubernetes.driver.podTemplateContainerName` and `spark.kubernetes.executor.podTemplateContainerName`
to indicate which container should be used as a basis for the driver or executor.
If not specified, or if the container name is not valid, Spark will assume that the first container in the list
will be the driver or executor container.

## Using Kubernetes Volumes

Users can mount the following types of Kubernetes [volumes](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/) into the driver and executor pods:
* [hostPath](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#hostpath): mounts a file or directory from the host node’s filesystem into a pod.
* [emptyDir](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#emptydir): an initially empty volume created when a pod is assigned to a node.
* [nfs](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#nfs): mounts an existing NFS(Network File System) into a pod.
* [persistentVolumeClaim](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#persistentvolumeclaim): mounts a `PersistentVolume` into a pod.

**NB:** Please see the [Security](#security) section of this document for security issues related to volume mounts.

To mount a volume of any of the types above into the driver pod, use the following configuration property:

```
--conf spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.path=<mount path>
--conf spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.readOnly=<true|false>
--conf spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.subPath=<mount subPath>
```

Specifically, `VolumeType` can be one of the following values: `hostPath`, `emptyDir`, `nfs` and `persistentVolumeClaim`. `VolumeName` is the name you want to use for the volume under the `volumes` field in the pod specification.

Each supported type of volumes may have some specific configuration options, which can be specified using configuration properties of the following form:

```
spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].options.[OptionName]=<value>
```

For example, the server and path of a `nfs` with volume name `images` can be specified using the following properties:

```
spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.nfs.images.options.server=example.com
spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.nfs.images.options.path=/data
```

And, the claim name of a `persistentVolumeClaim` with volume name `checkpointpvc` can be specified using the following property:

```
spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.checkpointpvc.options.claimName=check-point-pvc-claim
```

The configuration properties for mounting volumes into the executor pods use prefix `spark.kubernetes.executor.` instead of `spark.kubernetes.driver.`.

For example, you can mount a dynamically-created persistent volume claim per executor by using `OnDemand` as a claim name and `storageClass` and `sizeLimit` options like the following. This is useful in case of [Dynamic Allocation](configuration.html#dynamic-allocation).
```
spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.data.options.claimName=OnDemand
spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.data.options.storageClass=gp
spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.data.options.sizeLimit=500Gi
spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.data.mount.path=/data
spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.data.mount.readOnly=false
```

For a complete list of available options for each supported type of volumes, please refer to the [Spark Properties](#spark-properties) section below.

## Local Storage

Spark supports using volumes to spill data during shuffles and other operations. To use a volume as local storage, the volume's name should starts with `spark-local-dir-`, for example:

```
--conf spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].spark-local-dir-[VolumeName].mount.path=<mount path>
--conf spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].spark-local-dir-[VolumeName].mount.readOnly=false
```

Specifically, you can use persistent volume claims if the jobs require large shuffle and sorting operations in executors.

```
spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.spark-local-dir-1.options.claimName=OnDemand
spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.spark-local-dir-1.options.storageClass=gp
spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.spark-local-dir-1.options.sizeLimit=500Gi
spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.spark-local-dir-1.mount.path=/data
spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.spark-local-dir-1.mount.readOnly=false
```

If no volume is set as local storage, Spark uses temporary scratch space to spill data to disk during shuffles and other operations. When using Kubernetes as the resource manager the pods will be created with an [emptyDir](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#emptydir) volume mounted for each directory listed in `spark.local.dir` or the environment variable `SPARK_LOCAL_DIRS` .  If no directories are explicitly specified then a default directory is created and configured appropriately.

`emptyDir` volumes use the ephemeral storage feature of Kubernetes and do not persist beyond the life of the pod.

### Using RAM for local storage

`emptyDir` volumes use the nodes backing storage for ephemeral storage by default, this behaviour may not be appropriate for some compute environments.  For example if you have diskless nodes with remote storage mounted over a network, having lots of executors doing IO to this remote storage may actually degrade performance.

In this case it may be desirable to set `spark.kubernetes.local.dirs.tmpfs=true` in your configuration which will cause the `emptyDir` volumes to be configured as `tmpfs` i.e. RAM backed volumes.  When configured like this Spark's local storage usage will count towards your pods memory usage therefore you may wish to increase your memory requests by increasing the value of `spark.kubernetes.memoryOverheadFactor` as appropriate.


## Introspection and Debugging

These are the different ways in which you can investigate a running/completed Spark application, monitor progress, and
take actions.

### Accessing Logs

Logs can be accessed using the Kubernetes API and the `kubectl` CLI. When a Spark application is running, it's possible
to stream logs from the application using:

```bash
$ kubectl -n=<namespace> logs -f <driver-pod-name>
```

The same logs can also be accessed through the
[Kubernetes dashboard](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/web-ui-dashboard/) if installed on
the cluster.

### Accessing Driver UI

The UI associated with any application can be accessed locally using
[`kubectl port-forward`](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/access-application-cluster/port-forward-access-application-cluster/#forward-a-local-port-to-a-port-on-the-pod).

```bash
$ kubectl port-forward <driver-pod-name> 4040:4040
```

Then, the Spark driver UI can be accessed on `http://localhost:4040`.

### Debugging

There may be several kinds of failures. If the Kubernetes API server rejects the request made from spark-submit, or the
connection is refused for a different reason, the submission logic should indicate the error encountered. However, if there
are errors during the running of the application, often, the best way to investigate may be through the Kubernetes CLI.

To get some basic information about the scheduling decisions made around the driver pod, you can run:

```bash
$ kubectl describe pod <spark-driver-pod>
```

If the pod has encountered a runtime error, the status can be probed further using:

```bash
$ kubectl logs <spark-driver-pod>
```

Status and logs of failed executor pods can be checked in similar ways. Finally, deleting the driver pod will clean up the entire spark
application, including all executors, associated service, etc. The driver pod can be thought of as the Kubernetes representation of
the Spark application.

## Kubernetes Features

### Configuration File

Your Kubernetes config file typically lives under `.kube/config` in your home directory or in a location specified by the `KUBECONFIG` environment variable.  Spark on Kubernetes will attempt to use this file to do an initial auto-configuration of the Kubernetes client used to interact with the Kubernetes cluster.  A variety of Spark configuration properties are provided that allow further customising the client configuration e.g. using an alternative authentication method.

### Contexts

Kubernetes configuration files can contain multiple contexts that allow for switching between different clusters and/or user identities.  By default Spark on Kubernetes will use your current context (which can be checked by running `kubectl config current-context`) when doing the initial auto-configuration of the Kubernetes client.  

In order to use an alternative context users can specify the desired context via the Spark configuration property `spark.kubernetes.context` e.g. `spark.kubernetes.context=minikube`.

### Namespaces

Kubernetes has the concept of [namespaces](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/namespaces/).
Namespaces are ways to divide cluster resources between multiple users (via resource quota). Spark on Kubernetes can
use namespaces to launch Spark applications. This can be made use of through the `spark.kubernetes.namespace` configuration.

Kubernetes allows using [ResourceQuota](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/policy/resource-quotas/) to set limits on
resources, number of objects, etc on individual namespaces. Namespaces and ResourceQuota can be used in combination by
administrator to control sharing and resource allocation in a Kubernetes cluster running Spark applications.

### RBAC

In Kubernetes clusters with [RBAC](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authorization/rbac/) enabled, users can configure
Kubernetes RBAC roles and service accounts used by the various Spark on Kubernetes components to access the Kubernetes
API server.

The Spark driver pod uses a Kubernetes service account to access the Kubernetes API server to create and watch executor
pods. The service account used by the driver pod must have the appropriate permission for the driver to be able to do
its work. Specifically, at minimum, the service account must be granted a
[`Role` or `ClusterRole`](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authorization/rbac/#role-and-clusterrole) that allows driver
pods to create pods and services. By default, the driver pod is automatically assigned the `default` service account in
the namespace specified by `spark.kubernetes.namespace`, if no service account is specified when the pod gets created.

Depending on the version and setup of Kubernetes deployed, this `default` service account may or may not have the role
that allows driver pods to create pods and services under the default Kubernetes
[RBAC](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authorization/rbac/) policies. Sometimes users may need to specify a custom
service account that has the right role granted. Spark on Kubernetes supports specifying a custom service account to
be used by the driver pod through the configuration property
`spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.serviceAccountName=<service account name>`. For example, to make the driver pod
use the `spark` service account, a user simply adds the following option to the `spark-submit` command:

```
--conf spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.serviceAccountName=spark
```

To create a custom service account, a user can use the `kubectl create serviceaccount` command. For example, the
following command creates a service account named `spark`:

```bash
$ kubectl create serviceaccount spark
```

To grant a service account a `Role` or `ClusterRole`, a `RoleBinding` or `ClusterRoleBinding` is needed. To create
a `RoleBinding` or `ClusterRoleBinding`, a user can use the `kubectl create rolebinding` (or `clusterrolebinding`
for `ClusterRoleBinding`) command. For example, the following command creates an `edit` `ClusterRole` in the `default`
namespace and grants it to the `spark` service account created above:

```bash
$ kubectl create clusterrolebinding spark-role --clusterrole=edit --serviceaccount=default:spark --namespace=default
```

Note that a `Role` can only be used to grant access to resources (like pods) within a single namespace, whereas a
`ClusterRole` can be used to grant access to cluster-scoped resources (like nodes) as well as namespaced resources
(like pods) across all namespaces. For Spark on Kubernetes, since the driver always creates executor pods in the
same namespace, a `Role` is sufficient, although users may use a `ClusterRole` instead. For more information on
RBAC authorization and how to configure Kubernetes service accounts for pods, please refer to
[Using RBAC Authorization](https://kubernetes.io/docs/admin/authorization/rbac/) and
[Configure Service Accounts for Pods](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-service-account/).

## Spark Application Management

Kubernetes provides simple application management via the spark-submit CLI tool in cluster mode.
Users can kill a job by providing the submission ID that is printed when submitting their job.
The submission ID follows the format ``namespace:driver-pod-name``.
If user omits the namespace then the namespace set in current k8s context is used.
For example if user has set a specific namespace as follows `kubectl config set-context minikube --namespace=spark`
then the `spark` namespace will be used by default. On the other hand, if there is no namespace added to the specific context
then all namespaces will be considered by default. That means operations will affect all Spark applications matching the given submission ID regardless of namespace.
Moreover, spark-submit for application management uses the same backend code that is used for submitting the driver, so the same properties
like `spark.kubernetes.context` etc., can be re-used.

For example:
```bash
$ spark-submit --kill spark:spark-pi-1547948636094-driver --master k8s://https://192.168.2.8:8443
```
Users also can list the application status by using the `--status` flag:

```bash
$ spark-submit --status spark:spark-pi-1547948636094-driver --master  k8s://https://192.168.2.8:8443
```
Both operations support glob patterns. For example user can run:
```bash
$ spark-submit --kill spark:spark-pi* --master  k8s://https://192.168.2.8:8443
```
The above will kill all application with the specific prefix.

User can specify the grace period for pod termination via the `spark.kubernetes.appKillPodDeletionGracePeriod` property,
using `--conf` as means to provide it (default value for all K8s pods is <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/pod">30 secs</a>).

## Future Work

There are several Spark on Kubernetes features that are currently being worked on or planned to be worked on. Those features are expected to eventually make it into future versions of the spark-kubernetes integration.

Some of these include:

* Dynamic Resource Allocation and External Shuffle Service
* Job Queues and Resource Management

# Configuration

See the [configuration page](configuration.html) for information on Spark configurations.  The following configurations are specific to Spark on Kubernetes.

#### Spark Properties

<table class="table">
<tr><th>Property Name</th><th>Default</th><th>Meaning</th><th>Since Version</th></tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.context</code></td>
  <td><code>(none)</code></td>
  <td>
    The context from the user Kubernetes configuration file used for the initial
    auto-configuration of the Kubernetes client library.  When not specified then
    the users current context is used.  <strong>NB:</strong> Many of the
    auto-configured settings can be overridden by the use of other Spark
    configuration properties e.g. <code>spark.kubernetes.namespace</code>.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.master</code></td>
  <td><code>https://kubernetes.default.svc</code></td>
  <td>
    The internal Kubernetes master (API server) address to be used for driver to request executors.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.namespace</code></td>
  <td><code>default</code></td>
  <td>
    The namespace that will be used for running the driver and executor pods.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.container.image</code></td>
  <td><code>(none)</code></td>
  <td>
    Container image to use for the Spark application.
    This is usually of the form <code>example.com/repo/spark:v1.0.0</code>.
    This configuration is required and must be provided by the user, unless explicit
    images are provided for each different container type.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.container.image</code></td>
  <td><code>(value of spark.kubernetes.container.image)</code></td>
  <td>
    Custom container image to use for the driver.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.container.image</code></td>
  <td><code>(value of spark.kubernetes.container.image)</code></td>
  <td>
    Custom container image to use for executors.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.container.image.pullPolicy</code></td>
  <td><code>IfNotPresent</code></td>
  <td>
    Container image pull policy used when pulling images within Kubernetes.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.container.image.pullSecrets</code></td>
  <td><code></code></td>
  <td>
    Comma separated list of Kubernetes secrets used to pull images from private image registries.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.allocation.batch.size</code></td>
  <td><code>5</code></td>
  <td>
    Number of pods to launch at once in each round of executor pod allocation.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.allocation.batch.delay</code></td>
  <td><code>1s</code></td>
  <td>
    Time to wait between each round of executor pod allocation. Specifying values less than 1 second may lead to
    excessive CPU usage on the spark driver.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.submission.caCertFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the CA cert file for connecting to the Kubernetes API server over TLS when starting the driver. This file
    must be located on the submitting machine's disk. Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide
    a scheme). In client mode, use <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.caCertFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.submission.clientKeyFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the client key file for authenticating against the Kubernetes API server when starting the driver. This file
    must be located on the submitting machine's disk. Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide
    a scheme). In client mode, use <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.clientKeyFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.submission.clientCertFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the client cert file for authenticating against the Kubernetes API server when starting the driver. This
    file must be located on the submitting machine's disk. Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not
    provide a scheme). In client mode, use <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.clientCertFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.submission.oauthToken</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    OAuth token to use when authenticating against the Kubernetes API server when starting the driver. Note
    that unlike the other authentication options, this is expected to be the exact string value of the token to use for
    the authentication. In client mode, use <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.oauthToken</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.submission.oauthTokenFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the OAuth token file containing the token to use when authenticating against the Kubernetes API server when starting the driver.
    This file must be located on the submitting machine's disk. Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not
    provide a scheme). In client mode, use <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.oauthTokenFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.caCertFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the CA cert file for connecting to the Kubernetes API server over TLS from the driver pod when requesting
    executors. This file must be located on the submitting machine's disk, and will be uploaded to the driver pod.
    Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide a scheme). In client mode, use
    <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.caCertFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.clientKeyFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the client key file for authenticating against the Kubernetes API server from the driver pod when requesting
    executors. This file must be located on the submitting machine's disk, and will be uploaded to the driver pod as
    a Kubernetes secret. Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide a scheme).
    In client mode, use <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.clientKeyFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.clientCertFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the client cert file for authenticating against the Kubernetes API server from the driver pod when
    requesting executors. This file must be located on the submitting machine's disk, and will be uploaded to the
    driver pod as a Kubernetes secret. Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide a scheme).
    In client mode, use <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.clientCertFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.oauthToken</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    OAuth token to use when authenticating against the Kubernetes API server from the driver pod when
    requesting executors. Note that unlike the other authentication options, this must be the exact string value of
    the token to use for the authentication. This token value is uploaded to the driver pod as a Kubernetes secret.
    In client mode, use <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.oauthToken</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.oauthTokenFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the OAuth token file containing the token to use when authenticating against the Kubernetes API server from the driver pod when
    requesting executors. Note that unlike the other authentication options, this file must contain the exact string value of
    the token to use for the authentication. This token value is uploaded to the driver pod as a secret. In client mode, use
    <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.oauthTokenFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.mounted.caCertFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the CA cert file for connecting to the Kubernetes API server over TLS from the driver pod when requesting
    executors. This path must be accessible from the driver pod.
    Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide a scheme). In client mode, use
    <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.caCertFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.mounted.clientKeyFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the client key file for authenticating against the Kubernetes API server from the driver pod when requesting
    executors. This path must be accessible from the driver pod.
    Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide a scheme). In client mode, use
    <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.clientKeyFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.mounted.clientCertFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the client cert file for authenticating against the Kubernetes API server from the driver pod when
    requesting executors. This path must be accessible from the driver pod.
    Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide a scheme). In client mode, use
    <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.clientCertFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.mounted.oauthTokenFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to the file containing the OAuth token to use when authenticating against the Kubernetes API server from the driver pod when
    requesting executors. This path must be accessible from the driver pod.
    Note that unlike the other authentication options, this file must contain the exact string value of the token to use
    for the authentication. In client mode, use <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.oauthTokenFile</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.serviceAccountName</code></td>
  <td><code>default</code></td>
  <td>
    Service account that is used when running the driver pod. The driver pod uses this service account when requesting
    executor pods from the API server. Note that this cannot be specified alongside a CA cert file, client key file,
    client cert file, and/or OAuth token. In client mode, use <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.serviceAccountName</code> instead.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.caCertFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    In client mode, path to the CA cert file for connecting to the Kubernetes API server over TLS when
    requesting executors. Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide a scheme).
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.clientKeyFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    In client mode, path to the client key file for authenticating against the Kubernetes API server
    when requesting executors. Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide a scheme).
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.clientCertFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    In client mode, path to the client cert file for authenticating against the Kubernetes API server
    when requesting executors. Specify this as a path as opposed to a URI (i.e. do not provide a scheme).
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.oauthToken</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    In client mode, the OAuth token to use when authenticating against the Kubernetes API server when
    requesting executors. Note that unlike the other authentication options, this must be the exact string value of
    the token to use for the authentication.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.oauthTokenFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    In client mode, path to the file containing the OAuth token to use when authenticating against the Kubernetes API
    server when requesting executors.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.label.[LabelName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Add the label specified by <code>LabelName</code> to the driver pod.
    For example, <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.label.something=true</code>.
    Note that Spark also adds its own labels to the driver pod
    for bookkeeping purposes.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.annotation.[AnnotationName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Add the Kubernetes <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/annotations/">annotation</a> specified by <code>AnnotationName</code> to the driver pod.
    For example, <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.annotation.something=true</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.service.annotation.[AnnotationName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Add the Kubernetes <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/annotations/">annotation</a> specified by <code>AnnotationName</code> to the driver service.
    For example, <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.service.annotation.something=true</code>.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.label.[LabelName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Add the label specified by <code>LabelName</code> to the executor pods.
    For example, <code>spark.kubernetes.executor.label.something=true</code>.
    Note that Spark also adds its own labels to the executor pod
    for bookkeeping purposes.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.annotation.[AnnotationName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Add the Kubernetes <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/overview/working-with-objects/annotations/">annotation</a> specified by <code>AnnotationName</code> to the executor pods.
    For example, <code>spark.kubernetes.executor.annotation.something=true</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.pod.name</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Name of the driver pod. In cluster mode, if this is not set, the driver pod name is set to "spark.app.name"
    suffixed by the current timestamp to avoid name conflicts. In client mode, if your application is running
    inside a pod, it is highly recommended to set this to the name of the pod your driver is running in. Setting this
    value in client mode allows the driver to become the owner of its executor pods, which in turn allows the executor
    pods to be garbage collected by the cluster.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.lostCheck.maxAttempts</code></td>
  <td><code>10</code></td>
  <td>
    Number of times that the driver will try to ascertain the loss reason for a specific executor.
    The loss reason is used to ascertain whether the executor failure is due to a framework or an application error
    which in turn decides whether the executor is removed and replaced, or placed into a failed state for debugging.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.submission.waitAppCompletion</code></td>
  <td><code>true</code></td>
  <td>
    In cluster mode, whether to wait for the application to finish before exiting the launcher process.  When changed to
    false, the launcher has a "fire-and-forget" behavior when launching the Spark job.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.report.interval</code></td>
  <td><code>1s</code></td>
  <td>
    Interval between reports of the current Spark job status in cluster mode.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.request.cores</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Specify the cpu request for the driver pod. Values conform to the Kubernetes <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-compute-resources-container/#meaning-of-cpu">convention</a>.
    Example values include 0.1, 500m, 1.5, 5, etc., with the definition of cpu units documented in <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-cpu-resource/#cpu-units">CPU units</a>.
    This takes precedence over <code>spark.driver.cores</code> for specifying the driver pod cpu request if set.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.limit.cores</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Specify a hard cpu <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-compute-resources-container/#resource-requests-and-limits-of-pod-and-container">limit</a> for the driver pod.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.request.cores</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Specify the cpu request for each executor pod. Values conform to the Kubernetes <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-compute-resources-container/#meaning-of-cpu">convention</a>.
    Example values include 0.1, 500m, 1.5, 5, etc., with the definition of cpu units documented in <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/assign-cpu-resource/#cpu-units">CPU units</a>.
    This is distinct from <code>spark.executor.cores</code>: it is only used and takes precedence over <code>spark.executor.cores</code> for specifying the executor pod cpu request if set. Task
    parallelism, e.g., number of tasks an executor can run concurrently is not affected by this.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.limit.cores</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Specify a hard cpu <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/manage-compute-resources-container/#resource-requests-and-limits-of-pod-and-container">limit</a> for each executor pod launched for the Spark Application.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.node.selector.[labelKey]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Adds to the node selector of the driver pod and executor pods, with key <code>labelKey</code> and the value as the
    configuration's value. For example, setting <code>spark.kubernetes.node.selector.identifier</code> to <code>myIdentifier</code>
    will result in the driver pod and executors having a node selector with key <code>identifier</code> and value
     <code>myIdentifier</code>. Multiple node selector keys can be added by setting multiple configurations with this prefix.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driverEnv.[EnvironmentVariableName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Add the environment variable specified by <code>EnvironmentVariableName</code> to
    the Driver process. The user can specify multiple of these to set multiple environment variables.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.secrets.[SecretName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Add the <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/">Kubernetes Secret</a> named <code>SecretName</code> to the driver pod on the path specified in the value. For example,
   <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.secrets.spark-secret=/etc/secrets</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.secrets.[SecretName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Add the <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/">Kubernetes Secret</a> named <code>SecretName</code> to the executor pod on the path specified in the value. For example,
   <code>spark.kubernetes.executor.secrets.spark-secret=/etc/secrets</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.secretKeyRef.[EnvName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Add as an environment variable to the driver container with name EnvName (case sensitive), the value referenced by key <code> key </code> in the data of the referenced <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/#using-secrets-as-environment-variables">Kubernetes Secret</a>. For example,
   <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.secretKeyRef.ENV_VAR=spark-secret:key</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.secretKeyRef.[EnvName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Add as an environment variable to the executor container with name EnvName (case sensitive), the value referenced by key <code> key </code> in the data of the referenced <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/#using-secrets-as-environment-variables">Kubernetes Secret</a>. For example,
   <code>spark.kubernetes.executor.secrets.ENV_VAR=spark-secret:key</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>   
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.path</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Add the <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/">Kubernetes Volume</a> named <code>VolumeName</code> of the <code>VolumeType</code> type to the driver pod on the path specified in the value. For example,
   <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.checkpointpvc.mount.path=/checkpoint</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.subPath</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Specifies a <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#using-subpath">subpath</a> to be mounted from the volume into the driver pod.
   <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.checkpointpvc.mount.subPath=checkpoint</code>.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.readOnly</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Specify if the mounted volume is read only or not. For example,
   <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.checkpointpvc.mount.readOnly=false</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].options.[OptionName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Configure <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/">Kubernetes Volume</a> options passed to the Kubernetes with <code>OptionName</code> as key having specified value, must conform with Kubernetes option format. For example,
   <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.checkpointpvc.options.claimName=spark-pvc-claim</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.path</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Add the <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/">Kubernetes Volume</a> named <code>VolumeName</code> of the <code>VolumeType</code> type to the executor pod on the path specified in the value. For example,
   <code>spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.checkpointpvc.mount.path=/checkpoint</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.subPath</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Specifies a <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#using-subpath">subpath</a> to be mounted from the volume into the executor pod.
   <code>spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.checkpointpvc.mount.subPath=checkpoint</code>.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.readOnly</code></td>
  <td>false</td>
  <td>
   Specify if the mounted volume is read only or not. For example,
   <code>spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.checkpointpvc.mount.readOnly=false</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].options.[OptionName]</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Configure <a href="https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/">Kubernetes Volume</a> options passed to the Kubernetes with <code>OptionName</code> as key having specified value. For example,
   <code>spark.kubernetes.executor.volumes.persistentVolumeClaim.checkpointpvc.options.claimName=spark-pvc-claim</code>.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.local.dirs.tmpfs</code></td>
  <td><code>false</code></td>
  <td>
   Configure the <code>emptyDir</code> volumes used to back <code>SPARK_LOCAL_DIRS</code> within the Spark driver and executor pods to use <code>tmpfs</code> backing i.e. RAM.  See <a href="#local-storage">Local Storage</a> earlier on this page
   for more discussion of this.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.memoryOverheadFactor</code></td>
  <td><code>0.1</code></td>
  <td>
    This sets the Memory Overhead Factor that will allocate memory to non-JVM memory, which includes off-heap memory allocations, non-JVM tasks, and various systems processes. For JVM-based jobs this value will default to 0.10 and 0.40 for non-JVM jobs.
    This is done as non-JVM tasks need more non-JVM heap space and such tasks commonly fail with "Memory Overhead Exceeded" errors. This preempts this error with a higher default.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.pyspark.pythonVersion</code></td>
  <td><code>"3"</code></td>
  <td>
   This sets the major Python version of the docker image used to run the driver and executor containers.
   It can be only "3". This configuration was deprecated from Spark 3.1.0, and is effectively no-op.
   Users should set 'spark.pyspark.python' and 'spark.pyspark.driver.python' configurations or
   'PYSPARK_PYTHON' and 'PYSPARK_DRIVER_PYTHON' environment variables.
  </td>
  <td>2.4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.kerberos.krb5.path</code></td>
  <td><code>(none)</code></td>
  <td>
   Specify the local location of the krb5.conf file to be mounted on the driver and executors for Kerberos interaction.
   It is important to note that the KDC defined needs to be visible from inside the containers.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.kerberos.krb5.configMapName</code></td>
  <td><code>(none)</code></td>
  <td>
   Specify the name of the ConfigMap, containing the krb5.conf file, to be mounted on the driver and executors
   for Kerberos interaction. The KDC defined needs to be visible from inside the containers. The ConfigMap must also
   be in the same namespace of the driver and executor pods.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.hadoop.configMapName</code></td>
  <td><code>(none)</code></td>
  <td>
    Specify the name of the ConfigMap, containing the HADOOP_CONF_DIR files, to be mounted on the driver
    and executors for custom Hadoop configuration.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.kerberos.tokenSecret.name</code></td>
  <td><code>(none)</code></td>
  <td>
    Specify the name of the secret where your existing delegation tokens are stored. This removes the need for the job user
    to provide any kerberos credentials for launching a job.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.kerberos.tokenSecret.itemKey</code></td>
  <td><code>(none)</code></td>
  <td>
    Specify the item key of the data where your existing delegation tokens are stored. This removes the need for the job user
    to provide any kerberos credentials for launching a job.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.podTemplateFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Specify the local file that contains the driver <a href="#pod-template">pod template</a>. For example
   <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.podTemplateFile=/path/to/driver-pod-template.yaml</code>
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.podTemplateContainerName</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Specify the container name to be used as a basis for the driver in the given <a href="#pod-template">pod template</a>.
   For example <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.podTemplateContainerName=spark-driver</code>
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.podTemplateFile</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Specify the local file that contains the executor <a href="#pod-template">pod template</a>. For example
   <code>spark.kubernetes.executor.podTemplateFile=/path/to/executor-pod-template.yaml</code>
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.podTemplateContainerName</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
   Specify the container name to be used as a basis for the executor in the given <a href="#pod-template">pod template</a>.
   For example <code>spark.kubernetes.executor.podTemplateContainerName=spark-executor</code>
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.deleteOnTermination</code></td>
  <td>true</td>
  <td>
  Specify whether executor pods should be deleted in case of failure or normal termination.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.executor.checkAllContainers</code></td>
  <td>false</td>
  <td>
  Specify whether executor pods should be check all containers (including sidecars) or only the executor container when determining the pod status.
  </td>
  <td>3.1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.submission.connectionTimeout</code></td>
  <td>10000</td>
  <td>
    Connection timeout in milliseconds for the kubernetes client to use for starting the driver.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.submission.requestTimeout</code></td>
  <td>10000</td>
  <td>
    Request timeout in milliseconds for the kubernetes client to use for starting the driver.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.connectionTimeout</code></td>
  <td>10000</td>
  <td>
    Connection timeout in milliseconds for the kubernetes client in driver to use when requesting executors.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.driver.requestTimeout</code></td>
  <td>10000</td>
  <td>
    Request timeout in milliseconds for the kubernetes client in driver to use when requesting executors.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>  
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.appKillPodDeletionGracePeriod</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
  Specify the grace period in seconds when deleting a Spark application using spark-submit.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>spark.kubernetes.file.upload.path</code></td>
  <td>(none)</td>
  <td>
    Path to store files at the spark submit side in cluster mode. For example:
    <code>spark.kubernetes.file.upload.path=s3a://&lt;s3-bucket&gt;/path</code>
    File should specified as <code>file://path/to/file </code> or absolute path.
  </td>
  <td>3.0.0</td>
</tr>
</table>

#### Pod template properties

See the below table for the full list of pod specifications that will be overwritten by spark.

### Pod Metadata

<table class="table">
<tr><th>Pod metadata key</th><th>Modified value</th><th>Description</th></tr>
<tr>
  <td>name</td>
  <td>Value of <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.pod.name</code></td>
  <td>
    The driver pod name will be overwritten with either the configured or default value of
    <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.pod.name</code>. The executor pod names will be unaffected.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>namespace</td>
  <td>Value of <code>spark.kubernetes.namespace</code></td>
  <td>
    Spark makes strong assumptions about the driver and executor namespaces. Both driver and executor namespaces will
    be replaced by either the configured or default spark conf value.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>labels</td>
  <td>Adds the labels from <code>spark.kubernetes.{driver,executor}.label.*</code></td>
  <td>
    Spark will add additional labels specified by the spark configuration.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>annotations</td>
  <td>Adds the annotations from <code>spark.kubernetes.{driver,executor}.annotation.*</code></td>
  <td>
    Spark will add additional annotations specified by the spark configuration.
  </td>
</tr>
</table>

### Pod Spec

<table class="table">
<tr><th>Pod spec key</th><th>Modified value</th><th>Description</th></tr>
<tr>
  <td>imagePullSecrets</td>
  <td>Adds image pull secrets from <code>spark.kubernetes.container.image.pullSecrets</code></td>
  <td>
    Additional pull secrets will be added from the spark configuration to both executor pods.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>nodeSelector</td>
  <td>Adds node selectors from <code>spark.kubernetes.node.selector.*</code></td>
  <td>
    Additional node selectors will be added from the spark configuration to both executor pods.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>restartPolicy</td>
  <td><code>"never"</code></td>
  <td>
    Spark assumes that both drivers and executors never restart.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>serviceAccount</td>
  <td>Value of <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.serviceAccountName</code></td>
  <td>
    Spark will override <code>serviceAccount</code> with the value of the spark configuration for only
    driver pods, and only if the spark configuration is specified. Executor pods will remain unaffected.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>serviceAccountName</td>
  <td>Value of <code>spark.kubernetes.authenticate.driver.serviceAccountName</code></td>
  <td>
    Spark will override <code>serviceAccountName</code> with the value of the spark configuration for only
    driver pods, and only if the spark configuration is specified. Executor pods will remain unaffected.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>volumes</td>
  <td>Adds volumes from <code>spark.kubernetes.{driver,executor}.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.path</code></td>
  <td>
    Spark will add volumes as specified by the spark conf, as well as additional volumes necessary for passing
    spark conf and pod template files.
  </td>
</tr>
</table>

### Container spec

The following affect the driver and executor containers. All other containers in the pod spec will be unaffected.

<table class="table">
<tr><th>Container spec key</th><th>Modified value</th><th>Description</th></tr>
<tr>
  <td>env</td>
  <td>Adds env variables from <code>spark.kubernetes.driverEnv.[EnvironmentVariableName]</code></td>
  <td>
    Spark will add driver env variables from <code>spark.kubernetes.driverEnv.[EnvironmentVariableName]</code>, and
    executor env variables from <code>spark.executorEnv.[EnvironmentVariableName]</code>.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>image</td>
  <td>Value of <code>spark.kubernetes.{driver,executor}.container.image</code></td>
  <td>
    The image will be defined by the spark configurations.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>imagePullPolicy</td>
  <td>Value of <code>spark.kubernetes.container.image.pullPolicy</code></td>
  <td>
    Spark will override the pull policy for both driver and executors.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>name</td>
  <td>See description</td>
  <td>
    The container name will be assigned by spark ("spark-kubernetes-driver" for the driver container, and
    "spark-kubernetes-executor" for each executor container) if not defined by the pod template. If the container is defined by the
    template, the template's name will be used.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>resources</td>
  <td>See description</td>
  <td>
    The cpu limits are set by <code>spark.kubernetes.{driver,executor}.limit.cores</code>. The cpu is set by
    <code>spark.{driver,executor}.cores</code>. The memory request and limit are set by summing the values of
    <code>spark.{driver,executor}.memory</code> and <code>spark.{driver,executor}.memoryOverhead</code>.
    Other resource limits are set by <code>spark.{driver,executor}.resources.{resourceName}.*</code> configs.
  </td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>volumeMounts</td>
  <td>Add volumes from <code>spark.kubernetes.driver.volumes.[VolumeType].[VolumeName].mount.{path,readOnly}</code></td>
  <td>
    Spark will add volumes as specified by the spark conf, as well as additional volumes necessary for passing
    spark conf and pod template files.
  </td>
</tr>
</table>

### Resource Allocation and Configuration Overview

Please make sure to have read the Custom Resource Scheduling and Configuration Overview section on the [configuration page](configuration.html). This section only talks about the Kubernetes specific aspects of resource scheduling.

The user is responsible to properly configuring the Kubernetes cluster to have the resources available and ideally isolate each resource per container so that a resource is not shared between multiple containers. If the resource is not isolated the user is responsible for writing a discovery script so that the resource is not shared between containers. See the Kubernetes documentation for specifics on configuring Kubernetes with [custom resources](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/device-plugins/).

Spark automatically handles translating the Spark configs <code>spark.{driver/executor}.resource.{resourceType}</code> into the kubernetes configs as long as the Kubernetes resource type follows the Kubernetes device plugin format of `vendor-domain/resourcetype`. The user must specify the vendor using the <code>spark.{driver/executor}.resource.{resourceType}.vendor</code> config. The user does not need to explicitly add anything if you are using Pod templates. For reference and an example, you can see the Kubernetes documentation for scheduling [GPUs](https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/manage-gpus/scheduling-gpus/). Spark only supports setting the resource limits.

Kubernetes does not tell Spark the addresses of the resources allocated to each container. For that reason, the user must specify a discovery script that gets run by the executor on startup to discover what resources are available to that executor. You can find an example scripts in `examples/src/main/scripts/getGpusResources.sh`. The script must have execute permissions set and the user should setup permissions to not allow malicious users to modify it. The script should write to STDOUT a JSON string in the format of the ResourceInformation class. This has the resource name and an array of resource addresses available to just that executor.

### Stage Level Scheduling Overview

Stage level scheduling is supported on Kubernetes when dynamic allocation is enabled. This also requires <code>spark.dynamicAllocation.shuffleTracking.enabled</code> to be enabled since Kubernetes doesn't support an external shuffle service at this time. The order in which containers for different profiles is requested from Kubernetes is not guaranteed. Note that since dynamic allocation on Kubernetes requires the shuffle tracking feature, this means that executors from previous stages that used a different ResourceProfile may not idle timeout due to having shuffle data on them. This could result in using more cluster resources and in the worst case if there are no remaining resources on the Kubernetes cluster then Spark could potentially hang. You may consider looking at config <code>spark.dynamicAllocation.shuffleTracking.timeout</code> to set a timeout, but that could result in data having to be recomputed if the shuffle data is really needed.
Note, there is a difference in the way pod template resources are handled between the base default profile and custom ResourceProfiles. Any resources specified in the pod template file will only be used with the base default profile. If you create custom ResourceProfiles be sure to include all necessary resources there since the resources from the template file will not be propagated to custom ResourceProfiles.