[SPARK-31238][SQL] Rebase dates to/from Julian calendar in write/read for ORC datasource

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR (SPARK-31238) aims the followings.
1. Modified ORC Vectorized Reader, in particular, OrcColumnVector v1.2 and v2.3. After the changes, it uses `DateTimeUtils. rebaseJulianToGregorianDays()` added by https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/27915 . The method performs rebasing days from the hybrid calendar (Julian + Gregorian) to Proleptic Gregorian calendar. It builds a local date in the original calendar, extracts date fields `year`, `month` and `day` from the local date, and builds another local date in the target calendar. After that, it calculates days from the epoch `1970-01-01` for the resulted local date.
2. Introduced rebasing dates while saving ORC files, in particular, I modified `OrcShimUtils. getDateWritable` v1.2 and v2.3, and returned `DaysWritable` instead of Hive's `DateWritable`. The `DaysWritable` class was added by the PR https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/27890 (and fixed by https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/27962). I moved `DaysWritable` from `sql/hive` to `sql/core` to re-use it in ORC datasource.

### Why are the changes needed?
For the backward compatibility with Spark 2.4 and earlier versions. The changes allow users to read dates/timestamps saved by previous version, and get the same result.

### Does this PR introduce any user-facing change?
Yes. Before the changes, loading the date `1200-01-01` saved by Spark 2.4.5 returns the following:
```scala
scala> spark.read.orc("/Users/maxim/tmp/before_1582/2_4_5_date_orc").show(false)
+----------+
|dt        |
+----------+
|1200-01-08|
+----------+
```
After the changes
```scala
scala> spark.read.orc("/Users/maxim/tmp/before_1582/2_4_5_date_orc").show(false)
+----------+
|dt        |
+----------+
|1200-01-01|
+----------+
```

### How was this patch tested?
- By running `OrcSourceSuite` and `HiveOrcSourceSuite`.
- Add new test `SPARK-31238: compatibility with Spark 2.4 in reading dates` to `OrcSuite` which reads an ORC file saved by Spark 2.4.5 via the commands:
```shell
$ export TZ="America/Los_Angeles"
```
```scala
scala> sql("select cast('1200-01-01' as date) dt").write.mode("overwrite").orc("/Users/maxim/tmp/before_1582/2_4_5_date_orc")
scala> spark.read.orc("/Users/maxim/tmp/before_1582/2_4_5_date_orc").show(false)
+----------+
|dt        |
+----------+
|1200-01-01|
+----------+
```
- Add round trip test `SPARK-31238: rebasing dates in write`. The test `SPARK-31238: compatibility with Spark 2.4 in reading dates` confirms rebasing in read. So, we can check rebasing in write.

Closes #28016 from MaxGekk/rebase-date-orc.

Authored-by: Maxim Gekk <max.gekk@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Dongjoon Hyun <dongjoon@apache.org>

sql/core/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/DaysWritable.scala

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-package org.apache.spark.sql.hive
+package org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources
 
 import java.io.{DataInput, DataOutput, IOException}
 import java.sql.Date
@@ -35,11 +35,12 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.DateTimeUtils.{rebaseGregorianToJulian
  * @param julianDays The number of days since the epoch 1970-01-01 in
  *                   Julian calendar.
  */
-private[hive] class DaysWritable(
+class DaysWritable(
     var gregorianDays: Int,
     var julianDays: Int)
   extends DateWritable {
 
+  def this() = this(0, 0)
   def this(gregorianDays: Int) =
     this(gregorianDays, rebaseGregorianToJulianDays(gregorianDays))
   def this(dateWritable: DateWritable) = {
@@ -55,6 +56,11 @@ private[hive] class DaysWritable(
   override def getDays: Int = julianDays
   override def get(): Date = new Date(DateWritable.daysToMillis(julianDays))
 
+  override def set(d: Int): Unit = {
+    gregorianDays = d
+    julianDays = rebaseGregorianToJulianDays(d)
+  }
+
   @throws[IOException]
   override def write(out: DataOutput): Unit = {
     WritableUtils.writeVInt(out, julianDays)

sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/orc/OrcSourceSuite.scala

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ package org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.orc
 
 import java.io.File
 import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8
-import java.sql.Timestamp
+import java.sql.{Date, Timestamp}
 import java.util.Locale
 
 import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration
@@ -482,6 +482,32 @@ abstract class OrcSuite extends OrcTest with BeforeAndAfterAll {
       }
     }
   }
+
+  test("SPARK-31238: compatibility with Spark 2.4 in reading dates") {
+    Seq(false, true).foreach { vectorized =>
+      withSQLConf(SQLConf.ORC_VECTORIZED_READER_ENABLED.key -> vectorized.toString) {
+        checkAnswer(
+          readResourceOrcFile("test-data/before_1582_date_v2_4.snappy.orc"),
+          Row(java.sql.Date.valueOf("1200-01-01")))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("SPARK-31238: rebasing dates in write") {
+    withTempPath { dir =>
+      val path = dir.getAbsolutePath
+      Seq("1001-01-01").toDF("dateS")
+        .select($"dateS".cast("date").as("date"))
+        .write
+        .orc(path)
+
+      Seq(false, true).foreach { vectorized =>
+        withSQLConf(SQLConf.ORC_VECTORIZED_READER_ENABLED.key -> vectorized.toString) {
+          checkAnswer(spark.read.orc(path), Row(Date.valueOf("1001-01-01")))
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 class OrcSourceSuite extends OrcSuite with SharedSparkSession {

sql/core/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/orc/OrcTest.scala

@@ -133,4 +133,9 @@ abstract class OrcTest extends QueryTest with FileBasedDataSourceTest with Befor
         throw new AnalysisException("Can not match OrcTable in the query.")
     }
   }
+
+  protected def readResourceOrcFile(name: String): DataFrame = {
+    val url = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader.getResource(name)
+    spark.read.orc(url.toString)
+  }
 }

sql/core/v1.2/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/orc/OrcColumnVector.java

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import org.apache.orc.storage.ql.exec.vector.*;
 
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.DateTimeUtils;
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DateType;
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.Decimal;
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.TimestampType;
 import org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.ColumnarArray;
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ public class OrcColumnVector extends org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.ColumnVecto
   private DecimalColumnVector decimalData;
   private TimestampColumnVector timestampData;
   private final boolean isTimestamp;
+  private final boolean isDate;
 
   private int batchSize;
 
@@ -54,6 +56,12 @@ public class OrcColumnVector extends org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.ColumnVecto
       isTimestamp = false;
     }
 
+    if (type instanceof DateType) {
+      isDate = true;
+    } else {
+      isDate = false;
+    }
+
     baseData = vector;
     if (vector instanceof LongColumnVector) {
       longData = (LongColumnVector) vector;
@@ -130,7 +138,12 @@ public class OrcColumnVector extends org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.ColumnVecto
 
   @Override
   public int getInt(int rowId) {
-    return (int) longData.vector[getRowIndex(rowId)];
+    int value = (int) longData.vector[getRowIndex(rowId)];
+    if (isDate) {
+      return DateTimeUtils.rebaseJulianToGregorianDays(value);
+    } else {
+      return value;
+    }
   }
 
   @Override

sql/core/v1.2/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/orc/DaysWritable.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.orc
+
+import java.io.{DataInput, DataOutput, IOException}
+import java.sql.Date
+
+import org.apache.hadoop.io.WritableUtils
+import org.apache.orc.storage.serde2.io.DateWritable
+
+import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.DateTimeUtils.{rebaseGregorianToJulianDays, rebaseJulianToGregorianDays}
+
+/**
+ * The class accepts/returns days in Gregorian calendar and rebase them
+ * via conversion to local date in Julian calendar for dates before 1582-10-15
+ * in read/write for backward compatibility with Spark 2.4 and earlier versions.
+ *
+ * This is a clone of `org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.DaysWritable`.
+ * The class is cloned because Hive ORC v1.2 uses different `DateWritable`:
+ *   - v1.2: `org.apache.orc.storage.serde2.io.DateWritable`
+ *   - v2.3 and `HiveInspectors`: `org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.io.DateWritable`
+ *
+ * @param gregorianDays The number of days since the epoch 1970-01-01 in
+ *                      Gregorian calendar.
+ * @param julianDays The number of days since the epoch 1970-01-01 in
+ *                   Julian calendar.
+ */
+class DaysWritable(
+    var gregorianDays: Int,
+    var julianDays: Int)
+  extends DateWritable {
+
+  def this() = this(0, 0)
+  def this(gregorianDays: Int) =
+    this(gregorianDays, rebaseGregorianToJulianDays(gregorianDays))
+  def this(dateWritable: DateWritable) = {
+    this(
+      gregorianDays = dateWritable match {
+        case daysWritable: DaysWritable => daysWritable.gregorianDays
+        case dateWritable: DateWritable =>
+        rebaseJulianToGregorianDays(dateWritable.getDays)
+      },
+      julianDays = dateWritable.getDays)
+  }
+
+  override def getDays: Int = julianDays
+  override def get(): Date = new Date(DateWritable.daysToMillis(julianDays))
+
+  override def set(d: Int): Unit = {
+    gregorianDays = d
+    julianDays = rebaseGregorianToJulianDays(d)
+  }
+
+  @throws[IOException]
+  override def write(out: DataOutput): Unit = {
+    WritableUtils.writeVInt(out, julianDays)
+  }
+
+  @throws[IOException]
+  override def readFields(in: DataInput): Unit = {
+    julianDays = WritableUtils.readVInt(in)
+    gregorianDays = rebaseJulianToGregorianDays(julianDays)
+  }
+}

sql/core/v1.2/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/orc/OrcShimUtils.scala

@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ private[sql] object OrcShimUtils {
 
   def getDateWritable(reuseObj: Boolean): (SpecializedGetters, Int) => DateWritable = {
     if (reuseObj) {
-      val result = new DateWritable()
+      val result = new DaysWritable()
       (getter, ordinal) =>
         result.set(getter.getInt(ordinal))
         result
     } else {
       (getter: SpecializedGetters, ordinal: Int) =>
-        new DateWritable(getter.getInt(ordinal))
+        new DaysWritable(getter.getInt(ordinal))
     }
   }
 

sql/core/v2.3/src/main/java/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/orc/OrcColumnVector.java

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.vector.*;
 
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util.DateTimeUtils;
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DataType;
+import org.apache.spark.sql.types.DateType;
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.Decimal;
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.TimestampType;
 import org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.ColumnarArray;
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ public class OrcColumnVector extends org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.ColumnVecto
   private DecimalColumnVector decimalData;
   private TimestampColumnVector timestampData;
   private final boolean isTimestamp;
+  private final boolean isDate;
 
   private int batchSize;
 
@@ -54,6 +56,12 @@ public class OrcColumnVector extends org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.ColumnVecto
       isTimestamp = false;
     }
 
+    if (type instanceof DateType) {
+      isDate = true;
+    } else {
+      isDate = false;
+    }
+
     baseData = vector;
     if (vector instanceof LongColumnVector) {
       longData = (LongColumnVector) vector;
@@ -130,7 +138,12 @@ public class OrcColumnVector extends org.apache.spark.sql.vectorized.ColumnVecto
 
   @Override
   public int getInt(int rowId) {
-    return (int) longData.vector[getRowIndex(rowId)];
+    int value = (int) longData.vector[getRowIndex(rowId)];
+    if (isDate) {
+      return DateTimeUtils.rebaseJulianToGregorianDays(value);
+    } else {
+      return value;
+    }
   }
 
   @Override

sql/core/v2.3/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/execution/datasources/orc/OrcShimUtils.scala

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.io.sarg.PredicateLeaf.{Operator => OrcOperator}
 import org.apache.hadoop.hive.serde2.io.{DateWritable, HiveDecimalWritable}
 
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions.SpecializedGetters
+import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.DaysWritable
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types.Decimal
 
 /**
@@ -47,13 +48,13 @@ private[sql] object OrcShimUtils {
 
   def getDateWritable(reuseObj: Boolean): (SpecializedGetters, Int) => DateWritable = {
     if (reuseObj) {
-      val result = new DateWritable()
+      val result = new DaysWritable()
       (getter, ordinal) =>
         result.set(getter.getInt(ordinal))
         result
     } else {
       (getter: SpecializedGetters, ordinal: Int) =>
-        new DateWritable(getter.getInt(ordinal))
+        new DaysWritable(getter.getInt(ordinal))
     }
   }
 

sql/hive/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hive/HiveInspectors.scala

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ import org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.InternalRow
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions._
 import org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.util._
+import org.apache.spark.sql.execution.datasources.DaysWritable
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types
 import org.apache.spark.sql.types._
 import org.apache.spark.unsafe.types.UTF8String