Instead of jumping straight from 1 partition to all partitions, do exponential
growth and double the number of partitions to attempt each time instead.
Fix proposed by Paul Nepywoda
Author: Andrew Ash <andrew@andrewash.com>
Closes#2117 from ash211/SPARK-3211 and squashes the following commits:
8b2299a [Andrew Ash] Quadruple instead of double for a minor speedup
e5f7e4d [Andrew Ash] Update comment to better reflect what we're doing
09a27f7 [Andrew Ash] Update PySpark to be less OOM-prone as well
3a156b8 [Andrew Ash] SPARK-3211 .take() is OOM-prone with empty partitions
ba5bcaddec